MetOp is a series of three polar orbiting meteorological satellites operated by the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT). The satellites form the space segment component of the overall EUMETSAT Polar System (EPS), which in turn is the European half of the EUMETSAT/NOAA Initial Joint Polar System (IJPS). The satellites carry a payload comprising 11 scientific instruments and two which support Search and Rescue services. In order to provide data continuity between MetOp and NOAA Polar Operational Satellites (POES), several instruments are carried on both fleets of satellites.
| MetOp-A Launch: | October 19, 2006 at 16:28:00 UTC |
| Soyuz ST Fregat | |
| Baikonur Cosmodrome | |
| MetOp-B Launch: | September 17, 2012 at 16:28:00 UTC |
| Soyuz ST Fregat | |
| Baikonur Cosmodrome | |
| MetOp-C Launch: | Approx 2018 |
| Soyuz ST Fregat | |
| Guiana Space Centre |
Instruments
The following instruments[9] are flown on board the MetOp satellites:The following instruments are shared on the NPOES satellites which form the US contribution to IJPS
- AMSU-A1/AMSU-A2 - Advanced Microwave Sounding Units
- HIRS/4 - High-resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (N.B. Not included on MetOp-C)
- AVHRR/3 - Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
- A-DCS - Advanced Data Collection System
- SEM-2 - Space Environment Monitor
- SARP-3 - Search And Rescue Processor
- SARR - Search And Rescue Repeater
- MHS - Microwave Humidity Sounder
MetOp Specific Instruments
The following instruments are flown exclusively on the MetOp satellites- IASI - Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer
- GRAS - Global Navigation Satellite System Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding
- ASCAT - Advanced SCATterometer
- GOME-2 - Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2
GOME-2
The first atmospheric contributions by MetOp-A were made by the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2), a scanning spectrometer on board the satellite. GOME-2, designed by DLR (the German Aerospace Centre) and developed by SELEX Galileo as the successor of ERS-2's GOME (1995), provided coverage of most areas of planet Earth measuring the atmospheric ozone, the distribution of surface ultraviolet radiation, and the amount of nitrogen dioxide (NO2).[10] The GOME-2 instrument provides a second source of ozone observations that supplement data from the SBUV/2 ozone instruments on the NOAA-18 and NOAA-19 satellites, which are part of the IJPS.[11]Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI)
One of the most important instruments carried onboard MetOp is IASI, the most accurate infrared sounding interferometer currently in orbit. IASI observes the atmosphere in the infra-red (3.7 - 15.5 µm) in 8461 channels, allowing to measure the atmosphere temperature within 1°C and relative humidity within 10% for each slice of 1 km height. Earth surface is revisited twice a day. IASI by itself produces half of all MetOp data.==============================================
2. NPOESS: (US)
The National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) was to be the United States' next-generation satellite system that would monitor the Earth's weather, atmosphere, oceans, land, and near-space environment. NPOESS satellites were to host proven technologies and operational versions of sensors that are currently under operational-prototyping by NASA. The estimated launch date for the first NPOESS satellite, "C1" or "Charlie 1" was around 2013. Issues with sensor developments were the primary cited reason for delays and cost-overruns.
NPOESS was to be operated by the NOAA / NESDIS / NPOESS Program Executive Office Flight Operations at the NOAA Satellite Operations Facility (NSOF) in Suitland, MD. Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems (NGAS) was the primary system integrator for the NPOESS project. Raytheon, Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. and Boeing were developing the sensors.
NPOESS was to be a replacement for both the United States Department of Defense's DMSP and the NOAA Polar Operational Environmental Satellites (POES) series. The NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP) was planned as a pathfinder mission for NPOESS. It was launched five years behind schedule, on October 28, 2011.[1][2]
The White House announced on February 1, 2010, that the NPOESS satellite partnership was to be dissolved, and that two separate lines of polar-orbiting satellites to serve military and civilian users would be pursued instead:[3]
- The NOAA/NASA portion is called the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS). The JPSS-1 spacecraft will be constructed by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp., under a fixed price contract of $248 million with a performance period through Feb. 1, 2015.[4] The common ground system will be constructed by Raytheon. Its launch has slipped to 2017.[5]
- The Defense department's portion is called DWSS (Defense Weather Satellite System).[6]
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3. DMSP satellites (US)
- Defense Meteorological Satellite Program - Block 5D-3
- DMSP-F15 (1999 - 2014)
- DMSP-F16 (2003 - 2014)
- DMSP-F17 (2006 - 2014)
- DMSP-F18 (2009 - 2014)
- DMSP-S19 (2014 - 2019)
- DMSP-S20 (2020 - 2025)
Acronym Full name OLS Operational Linescan Systerm SSMIS Special Sensor Microwave - Imager/Sounder SESS/SSUSI SESS / Special Sensor Ultraviolet Spectrographic Imager SESS/SSULI SESS / Special Sensor Ultraviolet Limb Imager SESS/SSI/ES-2 SESS / Special Sensor Ionospheric Plasma Drift/Scintillation Monitor - 2 SESS/SSM SESS / Special Sensor Magnetometer SESS/SSJ5 SESS / Special Sensor Precipitating Electron and Ion Spectrometer
4. Suomi NPP (US)
The Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership or Suomi NPP, previously known as the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System Preparatory Project (NPP) and NPP-Bridge, is a weather satellite operated by the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
- Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS),[13] a microwave radiometer which will help create global moisture and temperature models
- Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS),[14] a Michelson interferometer to monitor moisture and pressure
- Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS),[15] a group of imaging spectrometers to measure ozone levels, especially near the poles
- Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS),[16] a 22-band radiometer to collect infrared and visible light data to observe wildfires, movement of ice, and changes in landforms
- Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES), a radiometer to detect thermal radiation, including reflected solar radiation and thermal rediation emitted by the Earth[17]
5. Aqua (US)
Aqua (EOS PM-1) is a multi-national NASA scientific research satellite in orbit around the Earth, studying the precipitation, evaporation, and cycling of water. It is the second major component of the Earth Observing System (EOS) preceded by Terra (launched 1999) and followed by Aura (launched 2004).
- AMSR-E — Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS — measures cloud properties, sea surface temperature, near-surface wind speed, radiative energy flux, surface water, ice and snow. Furnished by the National Space Development Agency of Japan.
- MODIS — Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, also measures cloud properties and radiative energy flux, also aerosol properties; land cover and land use change, fires and volcanos. This instrument is also aboard Terra.
- AMSU-A — Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit — measures atmospheric temperature and humidity.
- AIRS — Atmospheric Infrared Sounder — measures atmospheric temperature and humidity, land and sea surface temperatures.
- HSB — Humidity Sounder for Brazil — VHF band equipment measuring atmospheric humidity. Furnished by Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais of Brazil. The HSB instrument has been in survival mode since 2/5/2003.
- CERES — Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System, Flying Models 3 and 4, measure broadband radiative energy flux.
6. GCOM-W (Japan)
GCOM is a series of JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) Earth Observation Missions as a successor to the ill-fated ADEOS 2 satellite and to the Aqua Mission. GCOM is, together with the GPM Mission, Japan's contribution to the GEOSS (Global Earth Observation System of Systems).
To increase security and scientific output JAXA made the decision to split the original ADEOS 2 mission into two models of smaller satellites, GCOM-W for water observation and GCOM-C for climate observation. It is planned to launch for each mission three satellites during the next decade.
The GCOM-W mission aims to establish the global and long-term observation system to collect data, which is needed to understand mechanisms of climate and water cycle variations, and demonstrate its utilization. AMSR2 onboard the first generation of the GCOM-W satellite will continue Aqua/AMSR-E observations of water vapor, cloud liquid water, precipitation, SST, sea surface wind speed, sea ice concentration, snow depth, and soil moisture. The GCOM-W1 satellite scheduled to be launched in late 2011 or early 2012.
The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) onboard the GCOM-W1 satellite is a remote sensing instrument for measuring weak microwave emission from the surface and the atmosphere of the Earth. From about 700 km above the Earth, AMSR2 will provide us highly accurate measurements of the intensity of microwave emission and scattering.
The antenna of AMSR2 rotates once per 1.5 seconds and obtains data over a 1450 km swath. This conical scan mechanism enables AMSR2 to acquire a set of daytime and nighttime data with more than 99% coverage of the Earth every 2 days.
The mission of GCOM-W1 (SHIZUKU「しずく」)is to observe the water cycle. The satellite will carry the AMSR follow on instrument. GCOM-W1 was agreed during FY 2006 and development of the satellite started from FY2007. The budget for the mission is 20 billion Yen (200 Million US-Dollar).
Launch of GCOM-W1 is proposed for 18 May 2012 (FY 2011) with the H-2A. Mass of the satellite is 2000 kg. OrbitType : Sun-synchronous, sub-recurrent Altitude : 699.6 km Inclination : 98.19 degrees Local time of ascending node : 13:30
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7. TRMM (US + Japan)
The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) is a joint space mission between NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) designed to monitor and study tropical rainfall. The term refers to both the mission itself and the satellite that the mission uses to collect data. TRMM is part of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth, a long-term, coordinated research effort to study the Earth as a global system. The satellite was launched on November 27, 1997 from the Tanegashima Space Center in Tanegashima, Japan.
Instruments aboard the TRMM
- Precipitation Radar (PR)
- TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI)
- Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS)
- Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy Sensor (CERES)
- Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS)
8. GPM (US + Japan)
Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) is a joint mission between JAXA and NASA as well as other international space agencies to make frequent (every 2-3 hours) observations of Earth’s precipitation. It is part of NASA's Earth Systematic Missions program and will work with a constellation of satellites to provide full global coverage. The project will provide global precipitation maps to assist researchers in studying global climate, improving the forecasting of extreme events, and adding to current capabilities for using such satellite data to benefit society.[1] GPM builds on the notable successes of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), which is also a joint NASA-JAXA activity.
- Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR)
- GPM Microwave Imager (GMI)
9. MT (India)
The Megha-Tropiques (MT)satellite, an Indo-French collaborative satellite pro-
gramme, is a unique mission with sampling focused over
the intertropical zone to account for the large space–time
variability of the tropical phenomena. The objective of
the MT mission is to study the water cycle and evaluate
its influence on the energy budget, with a specific
focus on the analysis of the life cycle of tropical convec-
tion.
MT was successfully launched on 12 October 2011
using the Indian Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV
C-12) and was placed at ~865 km altitude in a circular
orbit with 20°inclination. This orbital configuration pro-
vides the advantage of making frequent sampling of the
tropical region between 28°N and 28°S. It can even
observe some locations five/six times a day, which
enables the study of the large spatio-temporal variability
of the tropical phenomena at high spatial and temporal
resolutions. Generally, the overpasses are at different
local times of the day, which provides unbiased daily
means of atmospheric and cloud parameters unlike the
polar satellites. There are two microwave payloads on-
board MT: (1) MADRAS (Microwave Analysis and
Detection of Rain and Atmospheric Systems) – a conical
scan microwave imager to measure precipitation, total
columnar water vapour and cloud parameters; (2) SAPHIR
(Sondeur Atmosphérique du Profil d’Humidite en Inter-
tropicale par Radiométrie) – a cross-track microwave
sounder to estimate vertical structure of atmospheric
water vapour.
=================================
10. Fengyun (China)
literally: "wind cloud"), abbreviated FY, are China's weather satellites.
China has launched polar orbit and geosynchronous orbit meteorological satellites since 1988. On January 11, 2007 China destroyed one of these satellites (FY-1C) in a test of an anti-satellite missile.
The satellites in the FY-1 series are polar-orbiting sun-synchronous orbits.
The satellites in the FY-2 series are in geosynchronous orbit.
It seems FY-3 series are replacement for FY-1 series , they are polar-orbiting as well.
11. Meteosat (EUMETSAT)
Satellite
|
Lifetime
|
Position
|
Services
|
Meteosat-10 (MSG)
|
05/07/2012 – Nominal fuel lifetime
is until 2022
|
0°/36,000 km
|
0º SEVIRI Image Data. Real-time
Imagery
|
Meteosat-9 (MSG)
|
22/12/2005 – Fuel lifetime is
expected to be extended until 2021
|
9.5° E/36,000 km
|
Rapid Scan Service from 9 April
2013. Real-time Imagery
|
Meteosat-8 (MSG)
|
28/08/2002 – Fuel lifetime is
expected to be extended until 2019
|
3.5° E/36,000 km
|
Backup service for 0°, plus RSS
from 9 April 2013
|
Meteosat-7 (MFG)
|
02/09/1997 (IODC since 01/11/2006)
– 2016
|
57° E/36,000 km
|
Indian Ocean Coverage. Real-time
Imagery
|
In geostationary orbit 36,000 km above the equator, the
Meteosat satellites — Meteosat-7, -8, -9 and -10 — operate over Europe and
Africa.
There are two generations of active Meteosat satellites, Meteosat First Generation (MFG) and Meteosat Second Generation (MSG), providing images of the full Earth disc, and data for weather...
The MSG satellites carry a pair of instruments
— the Spinning Enhanced Visible and
InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI), which observes the
Earth in 12 spectral channels and the Geostationary
Earth Radiation Budget (GERB) instrument, a
visible-infrared radiometer for Earth radiation budget studies.
Convective storm / Volcanic ash / Fog
12. Jason-2 (EUMETSAT)
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