adiabatic :
绝热 relating to or denoting a process or condition in which heat does not
enter or leave the system concerned.
advection :
平流 the transfer of heat or matter by the flow of a fluid, especially horizontally
in the atmosphere or the sea.
analogous :
类似 comparable in certain respects, typically in a way that makes
clearer the nature of the things compared.
ambient :
环境
anelastic :
滞弹性 quasi-Boussinesq approximation. i.e.,
assuming that the mass weighted three-dimensional
divergence is zero.
anomaly correction : correlation between (F-C) and (A-C), which are anomaly
from climatology. F: forecast , A: analysis , C: climatology
baric :
气压
centrifugal :
离心 moving or tending to move away from a center.
convective mass flux : an average vertical transport of mass over for a field of
cumulus clouds or thermal.
cross section : In weather analysis and forecasting, a graphic representation of a
"vertical surface" in the atmosphere, along a given horizontal line
or path, and extending from the earth's surface to a given altitude.
( vertical cross-section )
Eg:
Model Forecast Time-Height Vertical Cross-Section
dispersion : 分散 the action or process of distributing things or people over
a wide area
divergence : In vector calculus, divergence is a vector operator that measures
the magnitude of a vector field's source or sink at a given point, in
terms of a signed scalar. More technically, the divergence represents
the volume density of the outward flux of a vector field from an
infinitesimal volume around a given point.
entropy : 化學及热力学中所指的熵[3]，是一種測量在動力學方面
不能做功的能量總數，也就是當總體的熵增加，其做功能力也下降，
熵的量度正是能量退化的指標。熵亦被用於計算一個系統中的失序現象，
也就是計算該系統混亂的程度。
熵的概念是由
德國物理學家
克勞修斯於1865年所提出。克氏定義
一個
熱力學系統中
熵的增減：在一個
可逆性程序裡，被用在
恆溫的
熱的總數（
δQ），
並可以公式表示為：
克勞修斯對變數
S予以
「熵」（
英语：entropy）一名，希臘語源意
為「內向」，亦即「一個系統不受外部干擾時往內部最穩定
狀態發展的特性」
[4]。
geocentric :
地心 having or representing the earth as the center, as in former
astronomical systems.
geographic :
地理
geopotential :
位势
geostrophic : 地转 relating to or denoting the component of a wind or current that arises
from a balance between pressure gradients and Coriolis forces
geostrophy : 地转
graupel : Heavily rimed
snow particles, often called
snow pellets; often
indistinguishable from very small
soft hail except for the size convention
that
hail must have a diameter greater than 5 mm.
Sometimes distinguished by shape into conical, hexagonal, and lump (irregular) graupel.
gravitational : 引力
gravity : 重力
gravitational potential : is equal to the work (energy transferred) per unit mass that is
done by the force of gravity to move an object to a fixed reference location.
The reference location, where the potential is zero, is by
convention infinitely far away from any mass, resulting in a negative potential
at any finite distance.
Hecto Pascal (hPa) : a unit for pressure, and, in this web
site, used mainly for
representing the central pressure of a typhoon. In
Japan, the unit of
"millibar" (mb) was used through November 1992, but
since December 1992,
the unit of "hectopascal" (hPa) has been used to
comply with the International
System of Units. Conversion between those
two units is 1hPa = 1mb,
however, so the value itself is the same as
before.
homogeneous :
同质 of the same kind; alike.
hydrometeor :
水凝 an atmospheric phenomenon or entity involving water or water vapor,
such as rain or a cloud.
inhibition :
抑制
isobar : A line of equal or constant
pressure; an
isopleth of pressure.
isobaric :
等压
isoheight / contour line : (
Also called contour, isohypse, isoheight.) A line of
constant
elevation above a certain reference level (usually
mean sea level) on a
previously defined surface, which may be the earth's surface,
a
constant-pressure surface, an
isentropic surface, etc.
iso :
异
isotropic :
各向同性 (of an object or substance) having a physical property that has
the same value when measured in different directions.
isobaric :
等压 equal or constant pressure, with respect to either space or time.
isotherm :
等温线 equal temperature
isotropic :
各向同性
kinematic : (noun.) movement
Knot : a unit for speed. One knot means a speed of moving one nautical
mile (nm) in one hour.
Knot is used for representing the maximum wind
speed at the center of a typhoon,
or a movement speed of a typhoon on
this website. Because 1nm = 1.852km,
1kt = 1.852km/h = 0.5144m/s. Roughly speaking, halving the knot makes the speed
in meter per second,
while doubling it makes the speed in kilometer per hour.
linear : we are estimating a value for intercept (a) and the slop (b) that are raised only to
the power 1. ( unbiased ) if we repeat the estimation with new samples, we
will likely find different values for b. If we do so, we can then calculate the
average of all of these
bs. If it is true that the average of the
bs is equal to the
population's true
beta (standardized b), then the estimator is said to be unbiased;
similarly for a, the intercept term.
LTE : local
thermodynamic equilibrium
mean sea level : (Abbreviated MSL; popularly called sea level.) The
arithmetic mean of
hourly heights observed over some specified period. In the United States, mean
sea level is defined as the mean height of the surface of the sea for all stages
of the
tide over a 19-year period. Selected values of mean sea level serve
as the sea level
datum for all
elevation
surveys in the United States. In
meteorology, mean sea level is used as
the reference surface for all altitudes in upper-
atmospheric work; in
aviation it is the level above which
altitude is measured by a
water, mean sea level is a type of tidal datum ( standard ).
moist : 潮湿
occluded front : http://www.athensgaweather.com/meteorology-101-pressure-fronts/
perpendicular :
垂直 at an angle of 90° to a given line, plane, or surface.pendicular :
相垂直
predictor : x in regression equation y = ax + b
predictand : y in regression equation y = ax + b
prognostic : 前兆
serving to predict the likely outcome of a disease or
ailment; of or relating to a medical prognosis.
quasi :
准 seemingly; apparently but not really.
quasi-geostropic :
准地转
Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts: QPF:
The
Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (abbreviated QPF) is the expected
amount of melted precipitation accumulated over a specified time period
over a
specified area. A QPF will be created when precipitation amounts reaching a
minimum threshold are expected during the forecast's valid period.
radian :
弧度 a unit of angle, equal to an angle at the center of a circle
whose arc is equal in length to the radius. s = r . theta
radiance : 1. light or heat as emitted or reflected by something.
2. the flux of radiation emitted per unit solid angle in a given direction
by a unit area of a source.
regression : a measure of the relation between the mean value of one variable
(e.g.,
output) and corresponding values of other variables (e.g., time and
cost).
regression analysis : In
statistics, it is a statistical process for
estimating the relationships
among variables. It includes many techniques for modeling and analyzing
several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between a
dependent variable
and one or more independent variables.
More specifically, regression analysis
helps one understand how the
typical value of the dependent variable
(or 'criterion variable')
changes when any one of the independent variables is
varied, while the
other independent variables are held fixed.
sea level pressure : The
atmospheric pressure at
mean sea level, either directly measured or, most commonly, empirically determined from the observed
station pressure. In regions where the earth's surface is above
sea level, it is
standard observational practice to reduce the observed
surface pressure to the
value that would exist at a point at sea level directly below if air of a
temperature
corresponding to that actually present at the surface were present all the way
down to sea level. In actual practice, the
mean temperature for the preceding
12 hours is employed, rather than the current temperature. This
"reduction of
pressure to sea level" is responsible for many anomalies
standardized coefficient : Before solving a
multiple regression problem, all variables
(independent and dependent) can be standardized. Each variable can be
standardized by subtracting its
mean from each of its values and then
dividing these new values by the
standard deviation
of the variable.
Standardizing all variables in a multiple regression
yields standardized
regression coefficients that show the change in the
dependent variable
measured in standard deviations.
stratification :
分层 demixing,
lamination
thermal : 热
thermodynamics :
热力学 the branch of physical science that deals with the relations
between
heat and other forms of energy (such as mechanical, electrical,
or
chemical energy), and, by extension, of the relationships between all
forms of
energy.
trajectory :
轨迹 the path followed by a projectile flying or an object moving under
the action of given forces.
Greek alphabet:
Letter Name Α α alpha
Β β beta
Γ γ gamma
Δ δ delta
Ε ε epsilon
Ζ ζ zeta
Η η eta
Θ θ theta
Ι ι iota
Κ κ kappa
Λ λ lambda
Μ μ mu
Ν ν nu
Ξ ξ xi
Ο ο omicron
Π π pi
Ρ ρ rho
Σ σ/ς sigma
Τ τ tau
Υ υ upsilon
Φ φ phi
Χ χ chi
Ψ ψ psi
Ω ω omega
